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represent the department of the Seine in the constituent assembly, but after a few days he resigned and retired to his quiet work and study, where he remained until his death, July 17, 1857. His songs have a lightness and wit, a smoothness of movement and, at times, a deep humanity and pathos, which make their author still the favorite singer of his countrymen. Besides his poems he wrote the story of his own life
Berbers (ber'bers), an interesting people living in the mountainous regions of Bar-bary and in the northern parts of the Great Desert They are called Kabyles in Algeria, Shelluh in Morocco, and those in the desert, Tuaregs or Tawareks by the Arabs. They are the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of northern Africa, and though they have in their veins an admixture of negro blood, and have been conquered at different times by the Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals and Arabs, they are still in many respects a distinct and peculiar race. Their number is between three and four millions. They are fierce and cruel, and usually at war either with their neighbors or among themselves They have herds of sheep and cattle, till the soil, manufacture swords, guns and gunpowder, and work the mines of iron and lead in the Atlas Mountains. In appearance they are strongly built and of middle height, with a complexion varying from red to reddish brown. They are followers of Islam.
Berea (ber-e'd) College, a non-sectarian, co-educational institution situated in Berea, Ky. In 1906 there were 1,018 students enrolled The president is Wm. G. Frost, Ph.D., D.D. The college was founded in 1855 by anti-slavery Southerners, and was intended for the youth of the mountainous district of the South. For many years it admitted both white and colored students, but in 1904 the legislature of Kentucky passed a bill prohibiting co-education of the races in any of the educational institutions of that State. The object of this bill was to break up the co-education of races in Berea College.
Beresford, Lord Charles, born 1846, rear-admiral of the British navy, gained distinction by his skillful operation of the gunboat Condor at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882. In this action he silenced one of the strongest Egyptian batteries. He served in Egypt under Lord Wolseley, and commanded the naval brigade in battle after battle. In 1875 ^e accompanied the Prince of Wales on his visit to India. Lord Charles visited the United States in 1899 and again in 1906, on the latter occasion to claim a legacy. He has earnestly endeavored to promote a good understanding between the United States, England and Germany upon the Chinese question. He advocates the " open-
doorv policy. He is a prominent member of Parliament, and has written books upon the Chinese question and the life and times of Lord Nelson.
Ber'gamot, Oil of, made of the rind of the fruit of the so-called Bergamot orange, now cultivated in the south of Europe. The oil is used in making pomades, fragrant essences, cologne, etc., and also in diluting the expensive oil of ehamornile. It is of a pale yellow color or almost colorless. It is obtained by distilling or by grating down the orange rinds and then subjecting them to a strong pressure. One hundred Bergamot oranges will yield about two and a half ounces of oil. The name comes from Ber-gama, a city in Asia Minor, the ancient Pergamos.
Bergen, Norway, founded in 1070 A.D., is the center of the fish trade of the Northmen; and has now some 75,000 inhabitants. Bergen lies to the northwest of Christiania about 186 miles. It is a picturesque city, being surrounded on three sides by water, and enclosed upon the fourth side by mountains three thousand feet in height.
Bergerac (ber'zhe-rak'), S. Cyrano de (1619-55), a noted French dramatist and novelist, with a gift for the writing of burlesque romance and satire. Born at the Chateau de Bergerac in Perigord, he grew up a man of the world, entered the army, and is known to have fought many duels. He gave free play to his satirical humor, which at times got him into trouble, particularly with the Jesuits of his era, whom he satirized, as in his political letters and quips he satirized Cardinal Mazarin, Prime Minister of France during the minority of Louis XIV, He is doubtless best known, however, by his Comic Histories of the States and Empires of the Moon, with a companion work on the Sun. The influence of these books can be traced in the imaginative and whimsical later work of Dean Swift, Jules Verne and Edgar Allen Poe. Bergerac's other work embraces a comedy of character, entitled Le Pedant lone, and Agrippine, a tragedy. Bergerac is the theme of a brilliant modern drama by Edouard Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, played with acceptance not only in France, but in England and the United States. Ber-
ferac, as has been often remarked, was the rst author to use the novel to teach natural science, as he was the first author of note in France to manifest the influence of early English fiction.
Bergh, Henry, a philanthropist and author, was born in the city of New York, of German parents, in 1823. After he graduated from Columbia College, he wrote several poems, dramas, sketches, and served as secretary of legation to Russia; but on returning from abroad, he determined to devote the remainder of his life to the cause of dumb animals. On April 10, 1866, aftej:
