Braddock, General Edward, a British soldier, major-general commanding the English army in the expedition against the French on the Ohio in 1755, was born in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1695, and died from wounds received in an ambuscade of French and Indians, at Great Meadows, in July, 1755, sixty miles from Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburg). On this expedition Braddock was accompanied by a levy of Virginians under Colonel (afterward General) Gates and Washington was his aid-de-camp, who, after the rout of the British, covered the retreat.
Braddock, Pa., a thriving manufacturing town in southwestern Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Monongahela, ten miles southeast of Pittsburg. It is noted as the site of the disastrous battle, under General Braddock (July 9, 1755), between the English and colonial levies and the French and Indians. Its industries include steel rail, wire, cement, plaster and railroad car manufacture. Population, 19,357.
Brad′ford, an important English manufacturing town in Yorkshire. It sends three members to Parliament. It is the chief seat in England of the manufacture of worsted yarn. It has now over 300 mills. Fine buildings, monuments and parks are abundant, and it is the seat of Airedale College. The first English temperance society was formed here. Population, about 290,000.
Brad′ford, Pa., a city in McKean County on several railroads, near the southern boundary of New York and 70 miles south of Buffalo. It is in the heart of the oil and natural-gas region. Has extensive manufacturies, oil well supplies, machine shops, tile and terra cotta works, chemical works, three national banks, three daily papers, large hospital, libraries. Population, 14,544.
Brad′ford, William, one of the Pilgrims, was born in England, in 1590. In the cause of religious liberty he went to Holland. Here he joined the English congregation at Leyden, and sailed for America in the Mayflower (1620). The next year he was elected governor of Plymouth colony, and, with the exception of five years when he refused re-election, he held that office for thirty-one years, till his death in 1657. He wrote a history of the colony from 1620 to 1647.
Bradley, Joseph P., was born at Berne, N. Y., in 1813. He practiced law in Newark, N. J. In 1870, he was appointed an associate justice of the supreme court by President Grant. He was circuit judge for the southern states, but in 1880 was assigned to the third circuit. He died in 1892.
Bragan′za, House of, the name of the ruling dynasty of Portugal and of the recent imperial family of Brazil. The family takes its name from the town of Braganza, and came to the throne of Portugal in 1640, through John IV, Duke of Braganza, who threw off the yoke of Spain. The first emperor of Brazil was Dom Pedro I, the eldest son of King John VI. He was crowned in 1822. His son, Dom Pedro II, was driven from the country and a republic formed in 1889. The reigning king of Portugal to-day, Manuel II, is of the house of Braganza-Coburg.
Bragg, Braxton, a Confederate general, was born in North Carolina, in 1817. A graduate of West Point, he served in the Mexican War, and was promoted several times for gallant conduct. He held several important commands in the Confederate army during the Civil War, and after the battle of Shiloh was placed in command of the Army of the Mississippi. He defeated General Rosecrans at Chickamauga, but was in turn defeated by General Grant at Chattanooga. For a time he acted as military adviser to President Davis. He died in 1876.
Bragg, Edward Stuyvesant, ex-congressman and brigadier-general commanding the “Iron Brigade” in the Civil War, was born in New York state, Feb. 20, 1827, and for a time practiced law at Fond du Lac, Wis. In May, 1861, he entered the Union army, and through hard fighting won promotion to the rank of brigadier-general. From 1877 to 1885 he was a member of Congress, member of the Democratic national convention of 1872, '84, '92 and '96, and in 1884 he seconded Cleveland's nomination for the presidency. In 1902 he became U. S. consul-general to Cuba, and later to Hong-Kong. Died June 20, 1912.
Brahe (brā or brä), Tycho, an illustrious Danish astonomer, distinguished above all else for his observations and for the invention of various astronomical instruments. Bessel has called him König unter den Astronomen, “king of astronomers.” He was born at Knudstrup, near Helsingborg, on the island of Schonen, Dec. 14, 1546, and died at Prague, Oct. 24, 1601. He was educated partly at the University of Copenhagen, whither he went in 1559, and partly at Leipsic. The aggressiveness which characterized his entire life is illustrated by the fact that at the age of twenty he found himself in a quarrel which later led to a duel that cost him a part of his nose. His tastes led him quite as strongly in the direction of chemistry—or pyronomy, as he called this science—as in the direction of astronomy.
The remarkably brilliant new star which made its appearance on Nov. 11, 1572, seems to have had some influence in giving bent to his energies, although he had always been keenly interested in astronomy; for
