Citizenship does not give the right of suffrage, and suffrage may be conferred without citizenship. Female citizens in most and illiterate or propertyless citizens are in some states deprived of a vote; while on the other hand many states extend the right to vote to those who have not yet become citizens, but have declared their intention to do so. The fourteenth and fifteenth amendments do not require that citizens be permitted to vote. The fourteenth amendment declares that what privileges and immunities citizens possess by the laws of the state and the nation shall not be abridged. But voting is not such a privilege. The fifteenth amendment simply declares that, whatever limitation the state may impose in the matter of voting, it shall not be based on “race, color or previous condition of servitude.”
In ancient states the right to trade and to the protection of the laws rested upon citizenship. But this rule does not prevail in modern civilized states. Citizenship also means membership in a city, and then largely refers to the rights that follow from the fact of being taxed. The member of any republic, as that of France, is called a citizen. A British subject also styles himself a British citizen, because of the democratic basis of his government.
Cit′ron, the fruit of a species of Citrus (C. medica), a genus of the rue family, to which belong also the orange and lemon. The citron is a large lemon-like fruit with a thick rind, which is used in the making of preserves. Citron cultivation in the United States is chiefly developed in Florida and California.
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Citrullus (sĭ-trŭl′ŭs). A genus of plants of the gourd family, which includes the watermelon (C. vulgaris). The three species are widely distributed in Africa, the melon belonging to tropical and southern Africa. One of the species (C. colocynthis) from the Mediterranean region yields colocynth, a drug obtained as an extract from the fruit.
Civil Service is the executive branch or department of government, composed of those who serve the state or crown in a civil capacity, as opposed to those employed in the military and naval services. In England it is one of the oldest institutions of the country, dating from the earliest monarchical times, though it is only within the past century that the English civil service has assumed its present vast proportions. In this country, as in all enlightened states, the civil service branch of government is usually separated into three distinct departments, viz.: the legislative, judicial and executive branches. In the United States the divisions of the executive civil service are—the departmental service, the customs service, the postal service, the government-printing service and the internal-revenue service. The number of positions in the United States executive civil service is now close upon 330,000, of which more than half are classified competitive positions, and all employed are under civil-service rules, prescribed by act of Congress in 1883. That act authorised the president to appoint three civil service commissioners to regulate and improve the service, to make regulations to govern the examinations and to investigate and report upon all matters touching the enforcement and effect of the rules and regulations. The purpose of the law and its governing rules is to establish, in the parts of the service within their provisions, a merit-system whereby selections for appointments shall be made upon the basis of demonstrated relative fitness without regard to political or other considerations. To carry out this purpose a plan of competitive examinations is prescribed, and, when vacancies occur, the appointee is drawn from the eligibles of the highest grade on the appropriate register; and every appointment is made at first for a probationary period of six months. It has to be added that there are what are known as preference claimants, viz.: persons who have served in the military or naval service of the United States, and were discharged by reason of disabilities resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty. Such are released from all maximum-age limitations; are eligible for appointment at a grade of 65, while, all others are obliged to obtain a grade of 70; and are certified to appointing officers before all others.
Examinations are also held for positions in the Philippines, Porto Rico and Hawaii
