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works—novels, poetry and essays. Her fame rests chiefly on John Halifax, Gentleman, published in 1857, one of the most popular books of the century, and translated into French, German, Italian, Greek and Russian. She died in Kent in 1887.
Cran'berry, the general name of the trailing species of Vaccinum, a genus belonging to the heath family. In North America there are two species of true cranberry, the small (V. oxycoccus) and the large (V. macrocarpon). The^r <yrow in swamps, and the red berries, ripening late, are familiar in the markets. The large cranberry is more extensively cultivated in the United States, the three centers of cultivation being Cape Cod, New Jersey and Wisconsin.
Crane, a large, long-legged bird with long neck and large compressed bill. It is related to the rail and not* far removed from the herons, though it is wrong to call any of the herons a crane as is done in the case of the blue heron. The cranes live mostly in
marshes and swamps, and are mainly vegetable feeders. They are migratory. There are about 17 varieties known, two of which belong to America: the white whooping crane and the brown sand-bill crane. The deep resonant sound made by the whooping crane is produced by a coil of the windpipe, in the breastbone. The windpipe of this species is four or five feet long, and 28 inches of it are coiled in the front part of the breastbone.
Crane, in mechanics, steam-driven or run by electricity, used for hoisting girders, large stones or other heavy weights, and depositing such on trucks to be moved elsewhere. Traveling cranes are in use also on docks and wharves, where they load and unload machinery, general cargo and heavy merchandize from ship's holds, and also raise anchors and perform similar services. The common type of crane consists of an upright post or revolving shaft, with a projecting jib or arm, at the upper end of which is a fixed pulley, with winding gear, and the windlass on
STEPHEN CRANE
which the tackling Is wound. Cranes are commonly constructed of cast-iron and steel, and are fitted with brakes and stopping gear, like other hoisting machinery. Other varieties in ordinary use include derrick, pillar, bridge, walking, traveling and locomotive-cranes severally in use for specific purposes.
Crane, Stephen, American author, journalist and war-correspondent, was born at Newark, N. J., Nov. i, 1871, and died near Baden, Germany, June 5, 1900. He began newspaper work at the age of 17, and was a correspondent for the Westminster Gazette and the N. Y. Journal in the Greco-Turkish and the Spanish-American war. He shortened his life, however, by overwork, for between 1892 and 1900 he produced some 14 works in fiction, besides his labors as a war-correspondent. His style is wonderfully graphic and powerful. His best-known works are The Red Badge of Courage; The Black Riders and The Eternal Patience.
Crane, Walter, English decorative artist and painter, was born at Liverpool, England, Aug. 15, 1845, studied under W. G. Linton, the eminent wood-engraver, and was appointed on the committee of the general exhibition of water-color drawings in 1879. He is a knight-commander of the Order of the Royal Crown of Italy. He also for a time was member of the Institute of Painters in water-colors and oils, and was first president of the arts and crafts exhibition founded by him in 1888. He is perhaps most widely known by his work as a book-illustrator and designer of children's picture-books. The Walter Crane toy-books have found their way, it may be said, round the world. His chief canvases include The Renaissance of Venus and The World's Conquerors. In 1892 he issued The Claims of Decorative Art; in 1896 The Decorative Illustration of Books; and in 1898 The Basis of Design.
Cran'mer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Aslacton, England, July 2, 1489. As a boy he could ride the roughest horse in the shire, and was a keen hunter. He studied at Cambridge, gained a fellowship, and stayed 26 years. In the summer of 1529 he met two officers of Henry VIII, and, the talk turning on the king's divorce, Cranmer said that Henry could satisfy his conscience in that matter by appealing to the universities of Christen-
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