| Palatinate and Mainz, and in 1632 defeated Tilly at the Lech. Then the emperor, Ferdinand II of Austria, recalled Wallenstein, who raised an army of 60,000 and advanced to Nuremberg to await the Swedish army on its way to Vienna. On Nov. 6, 1632, at Lützen near Leipsic, they came together in a dense fog, and Gustavus, becoming separated from the cavalry at whose head he rode, was surrounded by a body of Croats and killed. He was the great hero of the Thirty Years' War. See Memoir by J. L. Stevens; Gustavus Adolphus in Germany by French; and Schiller's Thirty Years' War.
Gus′tavus V, king of Sweden, was born on June 6, 1858, and became king on December 8, 1907, at the death of Oscar his father. In 1881 he married a daughter of the duke of Baden, thus uniting the rights of his house with the claims of the House of Vasa, as his wife is a descendant of the last Vasa king. As regent frequently after 1896, when King Oscar was sick or absent, he displayed qualities that changed public opinion from suspicion to respect. But estimates of his character and future policy differ. As most of his friends are business men and he is not intellectual and artistic like his father, he will probably be a more practical ruler. It is declared that he has no tendency to tyranny, and it is asserted that in foreign policy he leans to Germany. Gutenberg (gōō′ten-bĕrg), Johannes, the inventor of printing with movable type, was born about 1400 in Mainz (Mayence), Germany. His proper name was Gensfleisch or Gansfleisch, which means Goose flesh. In 1434 he lived in Strassburg, teaching stonecutting, mirror-polishing and other similar arts. Between 1444 and 1448 he returned to Mainz, where, in 1449 or 1450, he entered into a partnership with Johannes Faust, who furnished the money to set up a printing-press. This partnership was dissolved in 1455 by Faust bringing a suit against Gutenberg to recover money advanced, and Faust gained control of the press. Gutenberg however, assisted by Dr. Homery, set up another press, at which he wrought until his death in 1468. A bronze monument, the work of Thorwaldsen, has been erected to his memory at Mainz. There are a few copies preserved of books printed by him, which bring enormous prices. See Memoirs of Celebrated Characters by Lamartine. Guth′rie, Okla., a town (founded in 1889), is the capital of Logan County, Oklahoma, situated on the Cimarron River, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and 'Frisco railroads. It is the center of a fine grazing-country, which also produces grains, potatoes, broom-corn etc. Though but recently converted from the prairie, and in 1890 having a population of only 5,333, it now is a city of 11,654 |
inhabitants. It contains several saw, flour and planing mills, carriage and furniture factories, cotton-gins, cotton seed-oil mills and railroad repair-shops. Besides excellent public schools, it has a $50,000 county high-school, St. Joseph's Academy and the Capitol University.
Gut′ta-Per′cha. See India-Rubber. Guyot (gḗ yṓ′), Arnold, a geographer, was born in Switzerland in 1807, "took his degree in Berlin in 1835, was the colleague of Agassiz at Neuchâtel during 1839-48, and in that year came to America with him. A course of lectures delivered by Guyot at Lowell Institute, Boston, was translated and published under the title of Earth and Man in 1853. He was appointed professor of physical geography and geology at Princeton in 1854, and manager of the meteorological department of Smithsonian Institute, where he delivered courses of lectures, publishing in connection therewith Meteorological and Physical Tables and a Treatise on Physical Geography. From 1874 to 1877 he was joint-editor of Johnson's Cyclopedia. Guyot died at Princeton, N. J., Feb. 8, 1884. Gwalior (gwä′lĕ-ôr), the capital of a state of the same name in central India, is built on a rock 300 yards wide by one and a half miles long and 340 feet in height, forming a citadel that is almost impregnable. At the base lies the old city, containing little but a beautiful old white mausoleum or vault for the dead. To the southwest the new town of Lashkor extends, and four miles to the northeast is Morar, the British cantonment. Gwalior has two beautiful Hindu temples and one of the most interesting specimens of palace-building in India. Population 118,000. Gwalior, the state, one of the central native states in British India, has an area of 25,041 square miles, with a population of 3,090,798. Gymna′sium and Gymnas′tics. The word gymnasium, from a Greek word meaning naked, was applied to the public places where the Greek youths took exercise. They were fitted with running-paths, wrestling-rings, baths and halls. They were a great resort for teachers and philosophers, and possibly from this the higher German school, which corresponds to the grammar-school grade in public schools, is called a gymnasium. Gymnastics, from the original meaning of the word, might be supposed to include all classes of athletic exercise; but, strictly speaking, gymnastics, as now used, means only indoor exercise and the strengthening of the muscles of the body. These exercises and games are so old as to be almost prehistoric, being alluded to in the Iliad. They were part of the course of education, and were made up of running, leaping, dancing, wrestling, boxing, hurling, etc. But they gradually fell into disuse, only to be revived |
