party measure of the Democrats; and in view of the destruction of the commerce and the fisheries, which were the chief interests of New England, this convention was called to plan means of security and defense. It sat with closed doors for 20 days, and, being supposed to be of a treasonable character, was watched by a military officer of the government. The convention prepared a report, recommending the adoption of measures by the different state legislatures that would protect their citizens from being pressed into the military or naval service by force. No treasonable act was committed, no treasonable intention was proved; yet the suspicion of disloyal tendencies clung to the convention, and completed the ruin of the Federalist party in the election of 1816. Some ground for public suspicion was inferred by the fact that a section of the Federalist leaders who, in 1804 and 1809, had seriously discussed the question of dissolving the Union and forming an eastern confederacy, were foremost in bringing the convention about; the charge, therefore, of aiming at a kingdom of New England was not excuseless. Men of the highest public character who were delegates, however, defended the pure purpose and patriotism of those who took part in the proceedings, and the charges of treasonable designs are now regarded as baseless.
Har′vard University. See Universities.
Har′vest-Moon. Although the moon usually rises later by a considerable interval on each successive night, owing to her motion about the earth, yet the further one goes toward the poles, the greater is the variation in the amount of her retardation. Thus in New York the moon nearest to September 22nd, the autumn equinox, varies in rising only some 25 minutes. This is because she is then in that part of her orbit which makes the least angle with the ecliptic. When a full moon occurs at about this date, it is known as the harvest-moon, because it is very convenient in harvesting to have a rather full moon, lasting almost all night, for several nights together.
Har′vey, William (1578-1657), a distinguished English physician. He is one of the epoch-makers in helping to establish the modern method of science, as noteworthy on that account as for his famous discovery of the circulation of the blood. He is likely to be underestimated in the first direction and to be known only for a single piece of work. He graduated from Caius College, Cambridge, in 1597, and went to Padua to study medicine, receiving his diploma there as doctor in 1602. He practiced in London and became a lecturer in the College of Physicians. In his lectures he brought out, about 1619, his views on the circulation of the blood, and these were published in book form in 1628, under the title De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis (On the Movement of the Heart and Blood). But Harvey did not actually see the circulation through the capillaries. His conclusions were based on reasoning from anatomical facts. Malphighi was the first actually to see, in 1661, with the help of a microscope, the circulation of blood in the lungs of the frog, but Leeuwenhoek, in 1668 and thereafter, made so much more of this line of observation that he deserves greater credit. Harvey was a very original and independent thinker, and made many more observations. He was the first great embryologist. His works were translated from the Latin and published in English by the Ray Society. He was physician at St. Bartholomew Hospital and to the king, attending James I and Charles I. See his Life by Willis.
Harz (härts) Mountains, a range in Germany, extending between the rivers Weser and Elbe, south of Brunswick. This range is 57 miles long and 20 broad, containing an area of 784 square miles, and forms an elevated plateau, rising on most sides somewhat steeply from the plains and ridged with irregular and, in some parts, forest-clad mountains. It is divided into upper and lower Harz, with an average elevation of 2,100 and 1,000 feet each. The Brocken, 3,740 feet in height, is the highest peak of central Germany. The Harz are rich in metals and minerals — as silver, iron, lead, copper, zinc, marble, alabaster and granite — and the industries connected with the mines and forests, as well as some cattlebreeding and agriculture, afford employment to the inhabitants, while the rearing of singing-birds is also a source of profit. These mountains form a natural line of division between the low and high German races, and are the scenes of many weird legendary tales in German literature.
Hasdrubal (hăs′drō-bal) was the name of several Carthaginian generals, of whom the most famous was the son-in-law of Hamilcar and brother-in-law of Hannibal. Hasdrubal accompanied Hamilcar into Spain in 237 B. C., and gave effective aid in the building up of a Carthaginian dominion in that peninsula. On the death of Hamilcar, 228 B. C., Hasdrubal ruled the new empire and advanced its frontier from the Guadalquivir to the Tagus, and founded a new capital, the modern Carthagena. He was very successful in conciliating the Iberian tribes, and mainly extended his rule by peaceful means. The Roman treaty fixing the frontier line at the Ebro was made with Hasdrubal — not with Carthage — so independent was he of the home government. He was assassinated by a Celtic slave in 221 B. C. Another Hasdrubal was Hannibal's own brother.
Hashish (hăsh′ēsh), a preparation of Indian hemp. The drug is used in the east in various ways. Sometimes it is smoked alone or with tobacco; at other times beverages are prepared from it or it is taken in the form of
