were partially successful. In 1893 A Change of Air and Half a Hero were published. The same year his first substantial success came with The Prisoner of Zenda. Following closely upon this came the Dolly Dialogues and, a little later, The God in the Car, Comedies of Courtship and The Indiscretion of the Duchess. In 1896 The Heart of Princess Osra was published; in 1897 Phroso; in 1898 Simon Dale, Rupert of Hentzau and Lady Ursula. Among his later stories is Sophy of Kravona.
Hawkins, Sir John, an English sailor, was born at Plymouth about 1532. He enjoys the unhappy notoriety of having been the first Englishman to engage in the slave-trade (1562). His career as a slave-trader ended in 1567 with his third voyage. He was made treasurer of the navy in 1573, and knighted in 1588 for his able services against the Spanish Armada. In 1595 he was in joint command of an expedition against the settlements in the Spanish Main, but died at sea off Porto Rico on Nov. 12. See Hakluyt's Voyages and Kingsley's Westward Ho.
Hawk-Moth, any one of a group of moths (sphinxes) with a stout, spindle-shaped body and long, narrow, strong wings. The sucking-tube is very long, in some cases being twice as long as the body; when not in use it is closely coiled like a watch-spring beneath the head. These moths are seen at twilight hovering over a flower like humming-birds, and therefore are sometimes called hummingbird moths. There are several varieties to which the name belongs. The larvæ are usually large; the best-known one is the tomato-worm. The tobacco-worm also is the larvæ of one of the hawk-moths.
Haw'ley Joseph Roswell, was born at Stewartsville, N. C., Oct 31, 1826. In his childhood his parents removed to Connecticut. He studied law, but abandoned the profession to enter journalism, and in 1861 entered the army as a volunteer. He took part at Bull Run, Port Royal, Fort Pulaski, James Island and Pocotaligo, being brevetted major-general for gallant conduct. He commanded a division at the siege of Charleston and the capture of Fort Wagner. In 1866 he was elected governor of Connecticut, and in 1872 was elected to Congress and soon became a leader on the Republican side of the house. From 1873 to 1877 he was president of the United States Centennial Commission. In 1881 he was elected to the senate, and became a leader in all questions of party politics. He died on March 18, 1905.
Haw'thorne, Julian, an American author, the son of Nathaniel Hawthorne, was born at Boston, Mass., June 22, 1846. He studied at Harvard but did not graduate, leaving that institution to study engineering at Dresden. During the Civil War he was a member of the staff of Gen. McClellan, engaged at work on the New York docks, remaining in this service until 1872. During this period he wrote several short stories for American magazines, and, these proving popular, he turned his attention to literature. He returned to Germany, and in 1873-4 published Bressant and Idolatry. Garth; Sebastian Strome; Fortune's Fool; Noble Blood; and Dust followed. Meantime he wrote short stories, A Fool of Nature gaining the ten-thousand-dollar prize offered by the New York Herald in 1896. Hawthorne is an author of several detective stories. He has written many critical papers, and has prepared a text-book on American Literature. Archibald Malmaison is another of his well-known works. His miscellanies are very numerous.
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, a distinguished American novelist, was born at Salem, Mass., July 4, 1804. He was the grandson of Daniel Hawthorne, who was commander of a privateer in the Revolutionary War. His father, like many of the other male members of the family, was a follower of the sea, and died when the son was but four years old. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825 with Longfellow. His first novel, Fanshawe, was published anonymously (1828), but proved a failure. The first book to bring fame was a collection of short stories, called Twice-told Tales (1837). In 1850 The Scarlet Letter, the book which made his name most widely known, was given to the public. Quickly upon this followed The House of Seven Gables, The Wonder-Book, The Snow-Image, The Blithedale Romance, Tanglewood Tales and a continuation of The Wonder-Book (1853). He was known as one of the most brilliant contributors to the magazines of his day. In March, 1853, he was appointed consul to Liverpool by President Pierce, and remained until the close of 1857. He then spent a year in Italy, which inspired The Marble Faun (1858), returned to America, and published Our Old Home (1860), sketches of England. He died at Plymouth, N. H., May 19, 1864. Hawthorne is undoubtedly the greatest of American novelists. See Hawthorne by Prof. Geo. E. Woodberry, in the series of American Men of Letters, and Nathaniel Hawthorne by Julian Hawthorne.
Hay, John, an American writer and diplomat, was born at Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, and was educated at Brown University. He was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1861, and became secretary to President Lincoln. He also held the military rank of major and was brevetted lieutenant-
