colonel. After the war he was successively
secretary of legation at Paris, chargé
JOHN HAY
d'affaires at Vienna and secretary of legation at Madrid. From 1870 to 1875 he was on the staff of the New York Tribune. He published Pike County Ballads and Castilian Days. With John G. Nicolay he wrote The Life of Abraham Lincoln. He became ambassador to Great Britain in 1897, and in 1898 was
made secretary of state by McKinley. He helped negotiate the Hay-Pauncefote (see Clayton-Bulwer) treaty giving the United States sole authority to build the Panama Canal. He won for American diplomacy a commanding position, and for himself a high place as an advocate for peace based upon international candor and fair dealing. He died July 1, 1905.
Haydn (hā′d’n), Joseph, a German composer, was born in the village of Rohrau, on the borders of Hungary and Austria, March 31, 1732. He was the son of a poor wheelwright, but early developed decided musical genius. At the age of eight he was received into the choir of the cathedral of St. Stephen in Vienna, but ten years afterward his voice broke and he lost his position. Thereafter, for some time, he lived in great poverty, earning a small sum by street-playing and serenading, until he hoarded enough to hire an attic and a piano, when his most strenuous studies began. The first recognition he received was from Herr Kurz, a theatrical manager, who heard him playing one of his own compositions under his window and commissioned him to write an opera. His musical theory was directly opposed to that of J. S. Bach and Handel. His first quartet for stringed instruments was written in 1750 and his Creation and The Seasons in 1795-96. He died on May 31, 1809. His compositions are exceedingly numerous, comprising over 600 in number. See Miss Townsend's Life of Haydn.
Hayes (hāz), Isaac Israel, arctic explorer, was born in Chester County, Pa., March 5, 1832, and graduated in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania in 1853. He conducted three expeditions into the arctic regions, the last in 1869. He was surgeon of volunteers from 1862 to 1865, retiring with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel. He died at New York, Dec. 17, 1881. His Arctic Boat-Journey, The Open Polar Sea and The Land of Desolation rank among the best accounts of arctic travel.
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard,
nineteenth president of the United States,
RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
was born at Delaware, O., Oct. 4, 1822. He graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, in 1842, and, after studying law at Harvard, practiced at Cincinnati from 1849 to 1861. During the Civil War he served with distinction and attained the rank of brevet major-general. He was sent to Congress in 1865, and was three times governor of Ohio. In 1876 he was the Republican candidate for president, Samuel J. Tilden being the Democratic candidate. The election developed many exciting complications and engendered great suspicions of unfairness. Congress appointed an electoral commission, which gave the office to Hayes by a vote of eight to seven. Under Hayes' administration the country recovered to a large extent from the financial panic of 1873. The two main features of his policy were civil-service reform and the withdrawal of United States troops from the south. See his Life by W. O. Stoddard. He died at Fremont, O., Jan. 17, 1893.
Hayne, Robert Young, an American statesman, was born in South Carolina in 1791, admitted to the bar in 1812, served in the war with Great Britain, and at its close resumed his law-practice in Charleston. He was a member of the state legislature, afterward its speaker, and from 1818 to 1822 attorney-general of the state. During 1823-32 he was United States senator, and proved a great enemy of protection and a bold supporter of the doctrine of nullification or the alleged right of a state to prevent the carrying out of a law that it considered not according to the constitution. One of Webster's ablest speeches was made in reply to Hayne, when he advocated this doctrine. In 1832 he was elected governor of South Carolina. He died at Asheville, N. C., Sept. 24, 1830.
Hays, Charles M.,
CHARLES M. HAYS
was born at Rock Island, Illinois, 1856. He entered railway service in 1873 as a clerk in the passenger department of the Atlantic and Pacific Railway. He was general manager of the Grand
